An essential component of the steel-making process, manganese has played an increasing role in the battery market. (Stock Image)
The high-purity manganese market may face a deficit as early as 2024, according to people in the industry.
An essential component of the steel-making process, manganese has played an increasing role in the battery market. The metal sulphate is an important stabilizing ingredient in the cathodes of batteries widely used in electric vehicles and electronics.
Volkswagen, Mercedes, Tesla, and GM are among the companies that have announced intentions to use high-purity manganese in their cars. A Chevy Bolt, for example, can contain over 24 kg of manganese.
“The reason nobody is talking about manganese is that it’s very cheap, and it’s taken for granted,” said Andrew Zemek, special adviser at CPM Group.
While the lithium price has skyrocketed over the last couple of years, passing $80,000 per tonne and other metals like cobalt and copper reached over $8,000 per tonne, manganese sulphate costs less than $1,000 per tonne in China.
But increasing demand from the EV industry and the subsequent deficit of high-purity manganese may impact the metal price in 18 or 24 months, according to Euro Manganese CEO Matt James.
“There’s been a build-out of manganese sulphate capacity in China and that has been enough to feed the current demands of the battery industry,” James told MINING.com. “But going forward, we’re going to see significant growth in both the European and North American battery industry. Both of those will require their own supply chains.”
“As the market looks to source locally, in North America because of the Inflation Reduction Act(IRA) or Europe because of geopolitics, when they start to look at the high-purity capacity in both of those regions, it is very very small,” James said.
“The Chinese price does not reflect a western price. The price today in Europe and North America commands a significant premium,” said James.
People in the industry estimate the price at $3,300 per tonne by 2027 — growing to $4,000 by 2031 for Europe and North America, considering the cost of freight from China and costs with green credentials.
Reliance on China
Over 92% of high-purity manganese sulphate conversion capacity is in China. Currently, only two plants outside of China are in production, one in Japan and the other in Belgium.
Vibrantz Technologies produces high-purity manganese in Belgium and sources its ore from South Africa, Gabon, and Brazil.
The other producer outside China is Nippon Denko in Japan, which also uses imported ore.
Combined, these two facilities produce around 5% of the global high-purity manganese sulphate.
“I don’t see a risk of shortage in the short term because so much capacity is being built in China,” said Aloys d’Harambure, executive director of the International Manganese Institute.
However, the market may have to adjust with the United States and Europe moving to build their own supply chain of battery materials.
“The environmental, social, and governance procedures in China are sometimes not as strict as in other, European and North American and, some African countries. The cost of high manganese sulphate that you see from China is not realistic from the rest of the industry,” said d’Harambure.
According to Sam Jaffe, vice president of Battery Storage Solutions, China can always “blow out” the North American and European competitors if it chooses to do so.
But that dynamic is changing.
“As we move to intracontinental supply chains, China remains a huge factor in the high-purity manganese market, but it’s not the single determinant of where those markets will move,” said Jaffe.
Piping Manganese
By 2031, North America is expected to require over 200Kt of high-purity manganese annually.
The continent, however, has no current high-purity manganese processing capacity to supply a large number of battery gigafactories and cathode plants under development.
South32 is developing the first new US manganese mine in decades. The company has allocated $55 million of capital expenditure to work on the Hermosa project in Arizona for the current fiscal year and expects to begin a pre-feasibility study before mid-2023.
In Europe, Euro Manganese is developing its Chvaletice Project in the Czech Republic, the only sizeable, classified resource of manganese in the European Union.
The project entails re-processing manganese deposits contained in waste (tailings) from a decommissioned mine that operated between 1951 and 1975.
The company plans to convert the carbonate to high-purity manganese metal and sulphate and send it to Euro Manganese’s planned processing facility in Quebec where it will be converted into a liquid sulphate. The site is adjacent to two proposed cathode plants allowing the liquid sulphate to be piped directly into the cathode production processes.
“Going forward, we’re going to see a European battery industry and a North American battery industry,” said Jaffe. “Both of those are growing at a tremendous pace and are gonna require their own supply chains, including a supply chain for manganese. And when you thinking about moving forward, I would talk about 10 years from now or over the next five years.”
